L3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development

The Newborn

Reflexes 反射

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

新生兒行為評估量表。

  • Used with newborns to 24-month-olds
  • Provides a detailed picture of the baby’s behavior
  • Includes 28 behavior items and 18 reflex test
  • Evaluates functioning of four systems:
    • Autonomic
    • Motor
    • State
    • Social

The Newborn’s States

Newborns alternate among four states:

  • Alert inactiviy
    • 平靜，眼睛睜開，觀察周圍環境
  • Waking activity
    • 眼睛睜開但無法對焦，伴隨不規則的動作
  • Crying
    • 劇烈哭泣，伴隨激動的動作
  • Sleeping
    • 眼睛閉合，有時靜止且呼吸規律；有時輕微移動且呼吸不規則

Newborn’s cry

  • Basic cry
    • 起初柔和漸進，隨後變得更強烈
    • 通常發生在嬰兒感到疲倦或飢餓時
  • Mad cry
    • 更為強烈的 Basic cry
  • Pain cry
    • 突然長時間大聲哭泣，接著出現長時間的停頓和急促喘氣

Newborn’s sleep

  • Newborns sleep 16-18 hours a day
    • 睡眠與清醒的循環為三小時睡眠、一小時清醒，維持一整天。
  • 約 6個月後開始可整晚睡眠 (10-12小時)
  • 新生兒的睡眠有一半屬於 irregular/rapid-eye movement (REM 快速動眼期)
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 嬰兒猝死症候群
    • 風險因素:
      • 2~4個月
      • 早產或過輕
      • 父母抽菸
      • 趴睡
      • 蓋太多毯子
      • 容易過熱

Temperament 氣質

A consistent style or pattern of behavior that related to personality later in life (影響之後的性格)

Three dimension:

  • Surgency/extroversion 突發性/外向性
    • is infant generally happy, active, and vocal? 是否快樂、活躍、發聲
  • Negative affect 負向情感
    • angry, fearful, shy; not easily sooth
  • Effortful control 主動控制
    • can focus attention; not readily distracted; can inhibit responses
    • 可以保持專注並且自我調節

What factors can affect temperament?

  • Heredity 遺傳
    • 雙胞胎的氣質相近
    • Negative affect 更容易受遺傳影響
  • Environment 環境
    • 母親的抑鬱會導致嬰兒容易感到恐懼
    • 不同的文化會使嬰兒的氣質不同

Physical Development

略過

Moving and Grasping:Early Motor Skills

Moving and Grasping

  • Motor skills 運動技能
    • coordinated movements of the muscles and limbs 肌肉與四肢協調
    • Infants learn to move about in the world
  • Fine motor skill 精細運動技能
    • associated with grasping, holding, and manipulating objects 抓臥並操作物體
    • Feeding (拿取瓶子、器皿等) is a fine motor skill

Coming to Know the World: Perception

Smelling, Tasting, Touching, and Hearing

  • Infants have a keen sense of smell
    • Recognize familiar smell (ex:母親)
    • 對氣味有反應 (ex:甜味->正向，腐爛的蛋->負面)
  • Can differentiate among different tastes
    • Prefer sweet tastes and do not like sour or bitter ones
  • Sensitive to touch
    • Elicit specific behaviors (increased heart rate, cry, etc.) in response to pain
  • Infants best hear sounds in the range of human speech
    • 四五個月的嬰兒對自己的名字有反應，並且可以區分母音與子音

Seeing

  • Newborns’ and young babies’ vision is much worse than an adult’s
    • Fully develops by age one
  • At three months, babies can see the full range of colors
  • Even newborns readily recognize face
    • 更容易辨別該族群的人的面孔

Becoming Self-Aware

Origins of Self-Concept

  • Self-awareness emerges between 18-24 month
    • Use of own name or personal pronouns 使用自己的名字/代詞
    • Knowledge of age and gender 對年紀與性別有認知

Theory of Mind 心智理論

a naive understanding of the relations between mind and behavior

  • Intentionality 意向性
    • 心靈代表或呈現事物、屬性或狀態的能力
    • One-year-olds understand intentionality
  • Theory of mind
    • 推論他人心智狀態的能力
    • develops between ages two and five
  • behavior is a result on one’s beliefs
    • Around age four, children understand that behavior is a result on one’s beliefs, even when beliefs are wrong
  • Language skills or interactions with other people 語言以及與他人的互動
    • may lead to the theory of mind

false-belief task: