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L4 Cellular Concepts Cell Area Cell: radio area covered by a transmitting station or a BS (base station) Size & shape: Received power vs. distance 兩者呈負相關 Handoff (Handover) 使用者移動時，系統將通話或數據連線從一個基地台 (BS) 切換到另一個基地台的過程。 Handoff area: X3X_3X3​ ~ X4X_4X4​ Ping-pong effect: XthX_{th}Xth​ 在兩個基地台之間頻繁反覆進行 Handoff 避免 Ping-pong effect Time To Trigger (TTT) 一個 BS 的訊號強度超過另一個 BS 一段時間後才進行切換 Hysteresis (遲滯) 兩個 BS 的訊號強度差異超過門檻時才進行切換 Cell Individual Offset (CIO) 虛擬的調整某個 BS 的訊號強度，使 handoff 更 ...

L10 Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development in Young Adulthood Emerging Adulthood Definition True adulthood 民法成年年齡 18 歲 Emerging adulthood the period between late-teens and mid- to late-20s when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults 探索職業、自我認同 Role Transitions Rites (儀式) of passage Rituals marking initiation into adulthood Especially common in developing countries Involve special dress; sometimes involve religion marriage is most imp ...

L9 Moving into the Adult Social World: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence Identity and Self-Esteem The Search for Identity 有尋找認同 無尋找認同 找到認同 認同達成 認同早閉 沒有找到認同 認同未定 認同迷失 Characteristic ways of thinking during identity search Adolescent egocentrism 青少年自我中心 - 只專注於自己的感覺與經歷 imaginary audience 想像觀眾 - 相信同伴一直在看著他們 Personal fable 個人神話寓言 - 相信他們自己的經歷和感受是獨一無二的 Illusion of invulnerability 無懈可擊的錯覺 - 相信不幸只會發生在別人身上 找到認同之後，這些自我中心的想法會逐漸消失 Who/What helps teens form identities? Parents - 開放 ...

L8 Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive Development During Adolescence Pubertal Changes Signs of Physical Maturation 身體快速成長 & 性成熟 (睪丸與乳房)。 通常女生發育較早(11)，男生較晚(13)。 青春期後男生通常會有較好的力量、速度與耐力。 肌肉質量/脂肪含量增加，骨骼成長，增加心肺耐力。 Limbic system: reward and pleasure-seeking centers Frontal system: behavioral control systems Limbic system 發展的速度比 Frontal system 快。 Sexual maturation during puberty Primary sex characteristics - 與生殖功能有關的身體變化 Secondary sex characteristics - 不直接參與生殖，但顯示性成熟的身體變化 女生: 乳房發育、骨盆變寬 ...

L7 Expanding Social Horizons:Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood Family Relationships Dimensions and Styles of Parenting Authoritative parenting 民主威權型 父母解釋規則並鼓勵討論。 通常是最好的。 有助於提高成績、自尊心和友善程度。 Authoritarian parenting 威權專制型 父母制定規則，並期望在沒有討論的情況下遵守它們。 通常產生缺乏自尊並且侵略性強的孩子。 Permissive parenting 放任型 父母通常接受孩子的行為並且很少進行懲罰。 通常產生衝動性格的孩子。 Uninvolved parenting 漠視型 父母只提供孩子的基本需求。 通常產生侵略性強且學習成績較差的孩子。 Specific parental behaviors influence children Direct instruction - 直接告訴孩子怎麼做、何時做以及為何做 Mode ...

L6 Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood Aptitudes for School Theories of Intelligence Group differences in test scores Experience with test content 通常基於中產階級經驗。 Test-taking skills 一些文化鼓勵協作解決問題。 對不熟悉的成人的問題保持警惕。 Stereotype threat 刻板印象的威脅 由於刻板印象而害怕做得不好，導致焦慮。 Special Children, Special Needs Gifted and Creative Children IQ >= 130 or exceptional ability in art, music, dance… Intelligence relies on convergent thinking 聚斂思考 Creativity relies on divergent th ...

L5 Entering the Social World:Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood Beginnings: Trust and Attachment Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development Stage 1: basic trust vs. mistrust (基本信任與不信任) 父母回應孩子的需求->培養信任。 信任和不信任平衡，發展 Hope：對新經驗的開放性，同時了解危險的可能性。 Stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (自主與羞恥和懷疑) 瞭解可以自由控制自己的行為，去抵銷懷疑與羞恥。 產生 Will，了解可以與環境有意地互動。 Stage 3: initiative vs. guilt (自動自發與罪惡感) 一個人的行動可能與他人的目標發生衝突。 產生 Purpose，平衡個人的行動與他人的目標。 Four phases in growth of attachme ...

L4 The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood The Onset of Thinking:Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory Piaget’s Methods for Investigating Children’s Thought Observed infant children and presented them with everyday problems Derived ideas about cognitive changes in the first two years. Adapted psychoanalysis clinical method for childhood and adolescent thought Conducted open-ended clinical interviews based on initial responses Piaget’s Cogni ...

L3 Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development The Newborn Reflexes 反射 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) 新生兒行為評估量表。 Used with newborns to 24-month-olds Provides a detailed picture of the baby’s behavior Includes 28 behavior items and 18 reflex test Evaluates functioning of four systems: Autonomic Motor State Social The Newborn’s States Newborns alternate among four states: Alert inactiviy 平靜，眼睛睜開，觀察周圍環境 Waking activity 眼睛睜開但無法對焦，伴隨不規則的動作 Cryi ...

L1 Developmental Psychology (Human Development) Thinking About Development Fundamental Issues in Human Development: Nature-nurture issue 先天與後天 個人特質是先天還是後天而來。 Continuity-discontinuity issue 連續與不連續 個人特質是不變還是緩慢改變，又或是突然的巨大變化。 Universal vs. context-specific issue 普世皆然與情境特定 發展的途徑與方式是否是唯一的。 Basic Forces in Human Development: Four Interactive Force Biological forces Psychological forces Sociocultural forces Life-cycle force Biopsychosocial framework 生物心理社會框架 上面四個作用力互相影響 Developmental ...